A sound check is a test of the musical instruments and sound equipment before a live performance, usually a musical concert.

It involves the performers playing their instruments and singing while the audio engineer adjusts volume and effects levels to make sure everything will sound good during the show.

The sound check is the chance for the performers, sound engineers, and tech crew to work together to get each instrument and vocal properly amplified and mixed for the venue’s acoustics.

Here’s a breakdown of the main goals in a sound check:

• Stage Monitoring: Ensuring the performers can hear themselves and each other clearly through monitors or in-ear systems
• House Sound Levels: Setting the appropriate levels for each instrument and vocal to create a cohesive mix that sounds good throughout the venue
• EQ and Effects Adjustments: Fine-tuning equalization (bass, mid, treble) and any desired effects to make each part stand out or blend in
• Troubleshooting: Catching and fixing any technical issues, like feedback or faulty cables

It’s crucial to be as prepared as possible because you can expect to hit some snags along the way.

It can be disastrous when there is no plan. Time is always super valuable and you never want to waste it when everyone is getting ready to perform.

Understand that you will need to devote a certain amount of time to troubleshoot because there are many things that inevitably go wrong. You will be less stressed if you anticipate the difficulties and leave enough time to troubleshoot effectively as you go.

Following are the suggested components of the plan. If you hit a snag, you can move to the next stage while the problem gets sorted out…

Show the approximate placement of all performers, microphones, instruments, and amplifiers.

Also, indicate the general placement of stage monitors and which monitors receive individual monitor mixes.

Confirm with the technical personnel all equipment that will be available for sound and lights, including backline (amplifiers and drums), risers, monitors, microphones, music stands, etc.

Also, confirm who will be responsible for set up and operation. Check all logistics for transport and loading of equipment not already on-site.

Plan staggered arrival times of musicians and set-up of equipment.

Usually, the drummer and/or percussionist should arrive first and set up their equipment. If there are any other large cumbersome instruments, like multi-keyboard rigs or giant amp stacks, they should also arrive early.

Next to arrive are guitarists, horns, vocalists, and any other musicians with relatively easy placement and set-up requirements.

Several songs should be selected in advance for the soundcheck.

Depending on the time available, there should be about three or four selections.

They should be picked specifically to soundcheck different sections of the band, like the rhythm section, horns, and full band with vocals.

The term “front of house” is abbreviated as FOH. The P.A. speakers aimed at the audience are called “mains,” meaning the main speakers.

What the audience hears from the stage will be primarily determined by the quality and suitability of the main speakers and the skillful mixing of the instruments and vocals by the FOH Engineer.

The goal is always to mix the sound from the stage so the audience can experience the music in the most natural way possible.

This means the engineer must first listen carefully to each instrument separately and then use the mixing board to faithfully recreate the sound through the mains.

There are many devices and techniques an experienced engineer knows to use, such as equalization (EQ), reverb, effects (FX), compression, etc.

They must also account for any acoustical anomalies in the hall. Due to the variable acoustics of any room, the sound will be different in different parts of the audience.

The gain is essentially the volume of each instrument and of everything as a whole.

The engineer needs to adjust the gain levels of each instrument during sound check so everything sounds balanced coming through the mains.

The protocol for sound-checking may vary depending on actual instrumentation, size of the hall, time available, and individual preferences. Over time the best way will become apparent; what follows is a general description of how it could work.

Start with putting each instrument into the main speakers only, providing a rough stage monitor mix only when absolutely necessary, such as with keyboards not going through an amplifier.

Check the sound of each instrument in the hall as you go, and then start to combine them in the mix by having them play together.

Pay special attention to levels (volume) first, then adjust the EQ to get the proper timbre.

At this point, a little of each instrument could go into the stage monitor mix to make it easier for the musicians to hear each other and check that the monitors are connected and working.

Check each drum/drum microphone separately: bass drum, snare, rack tom(s), floor tom. Then check cymbals: high-hat, overhead(s).

Pay close attention to the sound of each microphone and drum. If there is ringing in the drum it may need to be dampened with some tape, the microphone placed differently (or both).

The drums should be tuned at this time if they need it.

There should be no effects (FX); start with a flat EQ and adjust as needed to make each drum sound the best it can. If FX are desired, they can be added at the end.

After each drum and mic has been placed, adjusted and EQ’d so that it sounds optimal, play the kick-drum and snare together in an alternating pattern. The goal is to achieve balance in volume and EQ.

Next, have the drummer play fills around the toms.

Then have the drummer play a groove with fills on the toms, using the cymbals as well. Have the drummer play at dynamic levels that are likely to occur during the show. Have them play all around the kit for a while to achieve a balance of all the drums and cymbals that will sound good in the hall.

If using an electric bass, it’s best to use a direct box as opposed to the direct out from the amplifier, since the sound going to the board will be uncolored by the amp this way. Most direct boxes also give you the option to do a ground lift if there is polarity hum, which is a good thing.

Some higher-quality amplifiers’ direct out will have a ground lift (polarity switching) and give you a choice of pre- or post-output for the signal going to the mixing board.

It might also be a good idea to place a microphone at the speaker if there is a channel available for this.

So, if you have the sound from the speaker and the sound directly from the instrument, that’s enough to make a nice blend.

If you have an acoustic bass, there are different techniques for placing the microphone, usually somewhere near the sound hole facing slightly upwards.

If the upright acoustic bass has an internal or attached pickup element, then use the same technique as with the electric bass. You might end up with three channels; one for the instrument’s sound hole, one for the pickup, and one for the speaker.

When checking the bass, set the amp first to a reasonable stage volume level as would be used during the performance.

Then have the bass player play, using the whole range of the instrument. They could play down in the low register first, then go to the mids, and then up high if they are also a soloist.

Adjust the timbre of the amp and set the EQ for the hall.

Have the bassist play all techniques that they will use for the show, e.g. slapping, finger-style, or with a pick.

Next, the drummer and the bassist should play a groove together. Level and EQ adjustments can now be made so that the balance is good in the audience and on stage.

As with the bass, keyboards should go directly to the board using the keyboard’s “balanced line out,” whether or not they are using an amplifier on stage for a personal monitor. There is no need to place a microphone at the speaker of a keyboard amplifier.

Have the keyboardist play all of the sounds and keyboards they will use. Check for levels, EQ, and distortion. Have them play in all dynamic ranges they will be during the performance.

For acoustic piano, it’s best to use 2 condenser microphones placed inside the frame, hovering over the bass and treble registers. It takes some expertise and tweaking of the EQ, plus an ideal microphone placement to get a natural sound from the piano in the mix.

It’s usually necessary to spend some time experimenting to get the best possible sound from a piano.

Now have the drums and bass play with the keyboardist(s). Use one of the pre-selected songs from the concert.

Electric guitars should not use direct boxes. They should play through their amplifier on stage, and the speaker should have a microphone placed on it.

As in the studio, sometimes both the front and back of an open-backed speaker may have a microphone placed on it, although in most cases for live settings, this isn’t really necessary.

One dynamic microphone properly placed diagonally at the edge of the speaker cone should suffice. A good choice is the Shure SM-57, though any dynamic microphone will work.

The guitarist should play all of the sounds, levels, or effects they will be using during the performance (e.g. clean sound, distortion, wah-wah, chorus/flanger, delays, etc.)

Each sound should be considered when making the setting at the board, and the player should strive for a balance in output (level) between sounds to make the sound engineer’s job easier.

Acoustic guitars either have a mic placed at the sound hole or, if they have a pickup, go to a direct box and then into the mixing board.

If there is an active powered pickup with EQ on the guitar itself, make sure it has a fresh battery, set the volume at maximum and the EQ flat (no boost or cuts).

Once the engineer has a good sound, you can experiment with enhancements via the guitar pickup controls. It takes some artistry to get the best amplified sound out of acoustic instruments.

Horns (saxophones, trombones, trumpets) should be checked individually and then as a section if they will be playing ensemble passages (playing as a section). Either clip-on microphones or mics on a stand are pointed at the bell.

Strings are checked in the same way. Usually, overheads are used, or if there is a pickup, the same procedure is followed as for the acoustic guitar (direct box).

Check each vocal mic separately. Set EQ and effects.

Make sure that the singers actually sing when they are checking the microphones. Just saying “testing, testing,” as many singers are prone to do, is not enough for the engineer to apply the correct settings to the microphone channel. They need to sing into the mic exactly as they will be doing during the performance.

Background vocals can be mixed either before or after the lead vocals. If there are multiple vocalists, each one should be assigned a separate mic, and the mic should have the EQ set specifically for the sound of their voice.

Then they should sing as a group, and all the levels set to make the best possible blend for the group. Every group has a unique sound, and we want to listen for that, looking for the best way to enhance them in the mix.

At this point, the whole band should play a song together while the engineer creates a mix.

There is usually a fair amount of stopping and starting while the engineer makes adjustments.

Now, the performers need to make sure they can hear themselves and their bandmates in the stage monitors…

Start with what the vocalist needs, then go around to each instrument to ask what they want to hear more or less of.

Set levels of each instrument in separate mixes according to the preferences of each musician.

Start by mixing the monitors “dry,” meaning no reverb or effects are added to the signal.

Some vocalists like to hear a little reverb on their voice and may ask for that. In most cases, the natural reverb from the hall should be enough, so adding effects in the monitors isn’t needed.

By now, the major issues will have been addressed, and we need to do some fine-tuning.

There will always be difficulties with either the sound in the hall or on the stage. And a good Engineer will work quickly to make the proper adjustments so the audience and performers can be most comfortable during the performance.

Besides using the sound system to make the music sound wonderful, we want everyone — both on and off the stage — to have an amazingly fun time. Difficulties with the sound can interfere with this.

Play a few different sections of songs featuring different soloists, tempos, dynamic levels, and instrument combinations.

If there is more than one group performing on your equipment, be sure to memorize your amplifier settings so that you can adjust it back to where it was if it was changed.

Some adjustments will need to be made in FOH when the hall is full of people, due to the dampening effect of the audience, but major adjustments should not need to be made on stage.

At this point, you should be ready to relax and have a great fun show!